## Increasing and Decreasing a in the linear function y = ax

In the previous post, we have learned the effect of the sign of a in the linear function $y = ax$. In this post, we learn the effect of increasing and decreasing the value of a. Since we have already learned that if $a = 0$, the graph is a horizontal line, we will discuss 2 cases in this post: $a > 0$, and $a < 0$.

#### Case 1: a > 0

Let us consider several cases of the graph of $y = ax$ where $a > 0$. Let the equation of the functions be $f(x) = \frac{1}{2}x$, $g(x) = x$, and $h(x) = 2x$ making $a = \frac{1}{2}$, $1$, and $2$, respectively. As we can see from the table, for the same $x > 0$, the larger the slope, the larger its corresponding y-value. This means that for $x = 1$, the point $(1,h(1))$ is above $(1, g(1))$ and that the point $(1,g(1))$ is above $(1,f(1))$. We can say that as $x$ increases, $h$ is increasing faster than $g$, and $g$ is increasing faster than the increase in $f$» Read more

## GeoGebra Tutorial 17 – Functions, Tangent Lines and Derivatives

This is the 17th tutorial of the GeoGebra Intermediate Tutorial Series. If this is your first time to use GeoGebra, I strongly suggest that you read the GeoGebra Essentials Series.    In this tutorial, we are going to use slider control a, b, c, d and e and graph the function f(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e.

Figure 1

We then  construct a line tangent to the function and passing through  point A and trace the graph of the point whose x-coordinate is the x-coordinate of A, and whose y-coordinate as the  slope of the tangent line. We compute for the derivative of f(x), and see if  there is a relationship between the trace and the derivative. If you want to follow the this tutorial step by step, you can open the GeoGebra window. Before following the tutorial, you may want to see the final output.

 1. Open GeoGebra. We will need the Algebra view and the Axes so be sure that they are displayed. If not, use the View menu from the menu bar to show them. 2. To label points only, click the Options menu, click Labeling, and then click New Points Only. 3. To create slider a, type a = 1 in the input box and press the ENTER key. Right click the equation a = 1 in the algebra window (leftmost window pane) and click Show object from the context menu. Slider a should appear on your drawing pad. 4. Using step 3, create 4 more sliders namely b, c, d and e. 5. To graph the function f(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, type f(x) = a*x^4 + b*x^3 + c*x^2 + d*x + e in the input box, then press the ENTER key. 6. Move the sliders and observe what happens. Figure 2 7. To construct point A on function f, select the New Point tool and click graph of the function. 8. To construct a line tangent to f and passing through A, select the Tangents tool, click point A and click the graph of f. A tangent line should appear passing through point A. 9. Move point A on the function, and move the sliders. What do you observe? 10. To get the slope of the tangent line, select the Slope tool and then click the tangent line. This will produce m (see Algebra window). Given similar values of the numerical coefficients and the right place for point A, your graph should look like Figure 3. Figure 3 11. We now create point D, which will trace the ordered pair (x(A),m) where m is the slope of the tangent line. Note that x(A) means the x-coordinate of A and m was automatically assigned by GeoGebra to the value of the slope.  To create the point type D = (x(A), m). 12. We now change the color of point D. To do this, right click point D, and click Object Properties from the context menu. In the dialog box, select the Color tab and select a color you want from the color palette. Next, select the Basic tab, be sure to check the Show trace check box, then click the Close button. Figure 3 13. Move point A along the function. What do you observe about the traces of point D? 14. To graph the derivative of f(x), type f’(x) = derivative[f], then press the ENTER key. What do you observe about the derivative of the function f? 15. Right click the derivative function and click Properties. In the dialog box, go to the Color tab and select the color you want, preferably the same color as point D. Drag point A. After this step, your drawing should look like the one shown in Figure 1. 16. What can you say about the relationship of the derivative and the path traced by point D and the derivative function? 17. How can you relate the tangent function, its slope, the derivative function and the line traced by point D? 18. Based on the activity above, how will you describe the derivative of a function at a particular point and derivative in general?

## Slope Concept 2 – Slope of the Graph of a Linear Function

Note: This is the second part  of the the Slope Concept Series. The second and third articles are Part I – Understanding the Basic Concepts of Slope and Part III – Slopes of Vertical and Horizontal Lines.

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In the Understanding the Basic Concepts of Slope post, we have discussed that slope is described as rise over run. In this post, we are going to show that the slope of a straight line is constant.

To get the slope of a straight line or a segment, we determine two points on the line, say A and B, draw a horizontal line through point A and a vertical segment through point B. We then determine the intersection of the two line segments and name it C as shown in Figure 1. Angle C is a right angle since BC is a vertical segment and AC is a horizontal segment.

Figure 1 - A line containing points A and B.

The slope of the line containing AB is $\frac{BC}{AC}$. If we determine two more points, say D and E on the line, and do the process mentioned above, we can come up with triangle DEF right angled at F as shown in Figure 2. In terms of DEF, the slope of the line containing points D and E is $\frac{EF}{DF}$. Since the line containing DE and AB is practically the same line, we have learned from high school mathematics that their slopes must be equal.  Hence, the following relationship holds: $\frac{BC}{AC} = \frac{EF}{DF}$.

Why is this so?

Figure 2 - Triangle ABC and DEF with their hypotenuse contained on the line.

To show that the slope of the line is constant, we must show that $\frac{BC}{AC} =\frac{EF}{DF}$.

Proof That the Slope of a Straight Line is Constant

From Figure 2, BC is parallel to EF, since they are both vertical segments.  Similarly, DF is parallel to AC, since they are both horizontal segments. By the Parallel Postulate, we can consider AB as a transversal of the two pairs of parallel segments.

We can see that angles DEF and ABC are congruent since they are corresponding angles. Angles C and F are also congruent since they are both right angles. Hence, by AA similarity, ABC is similar to DEF.  Since the ratio of the corresponding sides of a similar triangles are equal, it follows that $\frac{BC}{AC} =\frac{EF}{DF}$.

From the above proof, we have shown that the slope of a straight line, or the slope of the graph of a linear function,  is constant.