More examples of proof by contradiction

We have had good discussions on mathematical proofs, so I am planning to create a mathematical proof series that will discuss the basics such as direct proof, indirect proof, and proof by mathematical induction.  But before I do that, let me continue with more examples of proof by contradiction.

Proof by contradiction, as we have discussed, is a proof strategy where you assume the opposite of a statement, and then find a contradiction somewhere in your proof. Finding a contradiction means that your assumption is false and therefore the statement is true. Below are several more examples of this proof strategy.

Example 1:  \sqrt{2} irrational.

Example 2: \sqrt{6} is irrational. The proof of this is basically the same as example 1, so it is left as an exercise.

Example 3: Proof that there are infinitely many primes.

Example 4: Knights and Liars

Example 5: \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3} is irrational. » Read more

Proof Tutorial 2: Proving Square Root of 2 is Irrational by Contradiction

One of the most difficult proof strategies in mathematics is proof by contradiction. If P, for example, is a statement or a conjecture, one strategy to prove that P is true is to assume that P is not true  and find a contradiction so that the statement not P does not hold. If not P does not hold, it follows that P is true.

One well-known proof that uses proof by contradiction is proof of the irrationality of \sqrt{2}.  If we consider P to be the statement “\sqrt{2} is irrational”, then not P is the opposite statement or “\sqrt{2} is rational”.  To use proof by contradiction, we assume that \sqrt{2} is rational, and find a contradiction somewhere. If this happens, then we would have shown that \sqrt{2} is indeed irrational.

Before proceeding, recall that a rational number is a fraction with non-zero denominator.  We know that all fractions can be expressed in lowest term.  A fraction in \displaystyle\frac{a}{b} is said to be in lowest term if a and b have no common divisors except 1.

On the other hand, irrational numbers cannot be expressed as fractions. They are decimal numbers that do not end and do not repeat. For example, 0.10100100010000... is an irrational number (the three dots means and so on which means that the number does not end). The most popular irrational number is \pi.

Now, we prove our conjecture.

Conjecture: The \sqrt{2} is irrational.

Proof:

Suppose \sqrt{2} is rational, then it can be expressed in fraction form \displaystyle\frac{a}{b} . Let us assume that our fraction is in lowest term, i.e., their only common divisor is 1. Then,

\sqrt{2} = \displaystyle\frac{a}{b}

Squaring both sides, we have

2= \displaystyle\frac{a^2}{b^2}

Multiplying both sides by b^2 yields

2b^2= a^2*

Since a^2 = 2b^2, we can conclude that a^2 is even because whatever the value of b^2 has to be multiplied by 2. If a^2 is even, then a is also even. Since a is even, no matter what the value of a is, we can always find an integer that if we divide a by 2, it is equal to that integer. If we let that integer be k, then \displaystyle\frac{a}{2} = k which means that a = 2k.

Substituting the value of 2k to a in *, we have 2b^2= (2k)^2 which means that 2b^2=4k^2.  Dividing both sides by 2, we have b^2 = 2k^2. That means that the value b^2 is even, since whatever the value of k you have to multiply it by 2.  Again, if b^2 is even, then b is even.

This implies that both a and b are even, which means that both the numerator and the denominator of our fraction are divisible by 2. This contradicts our assumption that \displaystyle\frac{a}{b} has no common divisor except 1. Since we found a contradiction, our assumption is, therefore, false. Hence, the theorem is true.

Notice that I have highlighted the word suppose and assume in the proof. This is one unique feature of proof by contradiction. You can always assume, most of the time, the opposite of the conjecture as long as the following statements are logically valid.