Category Archives: High School Probability

Wedding Guests and Circular Permutations

In a wedding banquet, guests are seated in circular table for four. In how many ways can the guests be seated?

We have learned that the number of permutations of n objects on a straight line is n!. That is, if we seat the four guests Anna, Barbie, Christian, and Dorcas, on chairs in on a straight line they can be seated in 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1 = 24 ways (see complete list).

However, circular arrangement is slightly different. Take the arrangement of guests A, B, C, D as shown in the first figure.  The four possible seating arrangements are just a single permutation: in each table, the persons on the left and on the right of each guest are still the same persons. For example, in any of the tables, B is at the left hand side of A and D is at the right hand side of A. In effect, the  four  linear permutations ABCD, BCDA, CDAB, and DABC are counted as one in circular permutations. That implies that the number of linear permutations of 4 persons is four times its number of circular permutations.  Since the number of  all possible permutations of four objects is 4!, the number of cirular permutations of four objects is \frac{4!}{4}. Continue reading

Guest Post: Lottery Math – If You Play You Should Know Your Odds

This is a guest post by Tino Sundin, a lottery blogger.

Pop Quiz

Here’s a little pop quiz for you, my friends. Sorry, it’s a math quiz. But don’t worry, it’s easy and this is a math blog, after all. Little Johnny, a fifth grader, came home from school one day, visibly upset. His mommy asked what was wrong. Little Johnny told her that he lost out on a treat that his teacher had. He explained to his mommy that his teacher had just one treat, but there were ten students in the class. So each of the students put their names into a hat. Then the teacher randomly chose one name to receive the treat. The rest of the class got nothing. Little Johnny didn’t get the treat. He was upset.

Are you ready for winter?

To comfort him, mommy told Little Johnny that the odds of him getting the treat were against him from the start; his odds were a mere 1-in-___ (Fill in the blank).

Little Johnny didn’t appreciate his mommy spewing out odds as if she was a bookie. Seriously, is that all about, mommy? However, being a simple fifth grade math question, he knew the answer (as should you).

Continue reading

Probability Terminologies and Notations

We had several discussions about probability and before we delve deeper on this topic, let us reinforce our knowledge by familiarizing ourselves with the terminologies and notations used.   This is in preparation to more discussions ahead. Aside from probability, we will also learn more about permutations, combinations, statistics and other related fields. The following are the common terms used in probability as well as the notations used in most textbooks.

Terminologies

Outcome

If a coin is tossed, when the coin comes to rest, it can show a tail or a head, each of which is an outcome.

Trial

Each roll of a die or toss of a coin is a trial.

Experiment

An experiment consists of one or more trials. Continue reading

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