Number Theory Archives - Math and Multimedia

What are prime gaps and who is Yitang Zhang?

June 2, 2013 GB High School Mathematics, High School Number Theory

You have probably read a news about one professor proving The Prime Gap conjecture. In this post, I will give you an overview of what the excitement is all about in the mathematics community.

Prof. Yitan Zhang (courtesy of UNH via Slate.com)

This post is written for the high school students and those who are interested in mathematics that are non mathematics majors.

What are Prime Numbers?

Most of us are familiar with prime numbers. A prime number is a positive integer that is divisible only by 1 and itself. The number 5 is a prime number, while 8 is not prime because 8 is divisible by 2 and 4. If we examine the 10 positive integers, it is easy to see that only four are prime numbers: 2, 3, 5 and 7. In the figure below, shown are the prime numbers less than 100. » Read more

3 comments Number Theory, prime gaps, prime number, Twin Prime, twin prime conjecture, yitang zhang

Proof Tutorial 2: Proving Square Root of 2 is Irrational by Contradiction

February 8, 2010 GB College Mathematics, Number Theory, Problem Solving and Proofs

One of the most difficult proof strategies in mathematics is proof by contradiction. If P, for example, is a statement or a conjecture, one strategy to prove that P is true is to assume that P is not true and find a contradiction so that the statement not P does not hold. If not P does not hold, it follows that P is true.

One well-known proof that uses proof by contradiction is proof of the irrationality of $\sqrt{2}$ . If we consider P to be the statement “ $\sqrt{2}$ is irrational”, then not P is the opposite statement or “ $\sqrt{2}$ is rational”. To use proof by contradiction, we assume that $\sqrt{2}$ is rational, and find a contradiction somewhere. If this happens, then we would have shown that $\sqrt{2}$ is indeed irrational.

Before proceeding, recall that a rational number is a fraction with non-zero denominator. We know that all fractions can be expressed in lowest term. A fraction in $\displaystyle\frac{a}{b}$ is said to be in lowest term if $a$ and $b$ have no common divisors except $1$ .

On the other hand, irrational numbers cannot be expressed as fractions. They are decimal numbers that do not end and do not repeat. For example, $0.10100100010000...$ is an irrational number (the three dots means and so on which means that the number does not end). The most popular irrational number is $\pi$ .

Now, we prove our conjecture.

Conjecture: The $\sqrt{2}$ is irrational.

Proof:

Suppose $\sqrt{2}$ is rational, then it can be expressed in fraction form $\displaystyle\frac{a}{b}$ . Let us assume that our fraction is in lowest term, i.e., their only common divisor is $1$ . Then,

$\sqrt{2} = \displaystyle\frac{a}{b}$

Squaring both sides, we have

$2= \displaystyle\frac{a^2}{b^2}$

Multiplying both sides by $b^2$ yields

$2b^2= a^2$ *

Since $a^2 = 2b^2$ , we can conclude that $a^2$ is even because whatever the value of $b^2$ has to be multiplied by $2$ . If $a^2$ is even, then $a$ is also even. Since $a$ is even, no matter what the value of $a$ is, we can always find an integer that if we divide $a$ by $2$ , it is equal to that integer. If we let that integer be $k$ , then $\displaystyle\frac{a}{2} = k$ which means that $a = 2k$ .

Substituting the value of $2k$ to $a$ in *, we have $2b^2= (2k)^2$ which means that $2b^2=4k^2$ . Dividing both sides by $2$ , we have $b^2 = 2k^2$ . That means that the value $b^2$ is even, since whatever the value of $k$ you have to multiply it by $2$ . Again, if $b^2$ is even, then $b$ is even.

This implies that both $a$ and $b$ are even, which means that both the numerator and the denominator of our fraction are divisible by $2$ . This contradicts our assumption that $\displaystyle\frac{a}{b}$ has no common divisor except $1$ . Since we found a contradiction, our assumption is, therefore, false. Hence, the theorem is true.

Notice that I have highlighted the word suppose and assume in the proof. This is one unique feature of proof by contradiction. You can always assume, most of the time, the opposite of the conjecture as long as the following statements are logically valid.

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